The Role of Women in Global Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

The Role of Women in Global Politics - Essay Example There are numerous organizations which would advance balance in legislative issues including IDEA or the International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, the United Nations, and the National Democratic Institute for International Affairs. This is an investigation of ladies' political cooperation on the planet today. Alongside that will be an investigation of individual locales as to ladies' political cooperation and techniques and suggestions remembering standards toward drawing in ladies for the political procedures around the world. As per the United Nations, the primary nation to allow ladies the option to cast a ballot was New Zealand in 1893. The UN keeps on expressing that lone twenty-eight ladies worldwide have been chosen as heads of state or government in this century. Ladies as of now would just hold 11.7 percent of the seats on the planet's parliaments. The first and as of now just similarly disseminated male and female strategic bureau had a place with Sweden in 1995. The United Nations isn't invulnerable to the mutilations of people inside its positions having just seven ladies serving in the midst of a sum of 185 of the most noteworthy positioning representatives. Between the years 1987 and 1996, the level of female bureau pastors overall rose from 3.4 to 6.8 percent. Ladies have been confronting numerous impediments to their interest in ... This figure has expanded throughout the year, however it has just expanded an extremely negligible percent so even now, ladies in governmental issues despite everything stays far off. So as to oversee expanding the degree of female portrayal and interest in dynamic, the different administering and dynamic bodies require very much created techniques and data on which measures have worked effectively in various nations with various political frameworks. Thought stays focused on the arrangement of similar data on the best way to propel sex and law based issues as a rule, and how at that point to advance support and portrayal of ladies in political life explicitly. In a presentation, 27 ladies had won political seats in the second authoritative chamber known as the DPD. These 27 ladies would comprise more than one fifth of all out participation of what news sources have named the senate. The way that in excess of 20% of the DPD seats were won by ladies was sudden all in all under the thought that Indonesia's first law based decisions are so later, having happened in 1999. A slight rate, just nine percent, of ladies had caught situates in the House of Representatives. Variables influencing this would incorporate that the discretionary framework utilized for the DPD is known to be disadvantageous for ladies applicants. The Pakistani political arrangement of bookings for ladies would be 17 percent of seats in the national and common gatherings and 30 percent of seats in area and chamber congregations. Dr. Reyes noticed that it would be particularly imperative to offer help and preparing for ladies in Pakistan who might be chosen for these held seats. Ms. Norden clarified how in Sweden the framework

Digital rights management (only the written part) Essay

Computerized rights the board (just the composed part) - Essay Example This is all incredible for sharing different works and thoughts, distributing content economically, and so forth however there is an issue here too, and that is what would talk about - the issue of Digital Rights Management or DRM for short, with an attention on music documents. One of the results of records spreading so effectively is that â€Å"intellectual land owners lose control of distribution† (Kumik, 2003) and as a rule don’t get paid paying little mind to the time, cost, and exertion that may have gone into creating it. The music business has been especially influenced (Peitz et al, 2005). This puts off numerous from distributing on the Internet, yet as a conveyance channel, nothing else can contend, so it is appealing too. Among end clients likewise, there is an issue of security (Feigenbaum et al, 2002). Right off the bat, let me clarify exactly what is DRM. As indicated by Subrmanya (Subramanya, 2006), DRM extensively alludes to â€Å"a set of approaches, procedures and instruments that control the best possible utilization of computerized content†. It is plainly â€Å"rooted in and driven by business interests and legitimate concerns† as called attention to by William Rosenblatt and others in their book ‘Digital Rights Management: Business and Technology’ (Rosenblatt et al, 2001). Innovation empowered the advanced upheaval to happen, yet many substance proprietors are thusly now excited â€Å"for progressively astute, productive, and compelling administration of their content† (Hilts, 2003) too. In the event that we separate the entire procedure of substance stream from ‘packaging’, through transmission, following, and conveyance, and obviously, redelivery, security measures can be applied at each stage. As of now, we have advanced watermarking, the conventions for content syndication, rights articulation dialects, and so forth. (Becker et al, 2003) But it isn't direct on the grounds that in the quick changing world we live in, usage is as yet an obstruction just like the legitimate side, plans of action change, and

ADHD and Motivation Problems

ADHD and Motivation Problems Unfortunately, adults and children with ADHD are often labeled as unmotivated, lazy, or even apathetic. These negative labels are unfair and hurtful. Instead of simple laziness or a lack of motivation, this “immobility” or “sluggishness” often reflects the impairments in executive function that can be associated with ADHD. Understanding these impairments is important in order to correct misperceptions about ADHD that tend to run rampant. How to Live Your Best Life When You Have ADHD Problems With ADHD and Executive Functions Executive function deficits affect a person’s ability to get started, organize, and sustain effort on tasks. The individual may even experience a sense of paralysis associated with a task or projectâ€"wanting to get started, but unable to make progress forward in any manner. This sense of paralysis can quickly lead to feelings of being overwhelmed, procrastination, and avoidance, and ultimately results in problems with productivity. It can also result in negative reactions from others who become confused and frustrated by the inconsistencies in the person with ADHD who is able to perform well when the task is stimulating and interesting or when it is novel and exciting but does not perform as well when the task is tedious or repetitive.?? Even if the person is able to begin the task, they may have great difficulty staying alert and persisting in this effort. Though they may know what they need to do to get things completed, as hard as they try, they just can’t. How to Tackle Your To-Do List With ADHD Boredom results in all sorts of problems for kids and adults with ADHD. Maintaining focus on a boring task may seem nearly impossible as an individual’s attention wanders away to more interesting activities and thoughts. What can also happen is that after repeated frustrations, the child or adult with ADHD can begin to feel less motivated. It can be hard to get excited and hopeful about something and then crash down again and again. Treatments First of all, it is important to actively engage in treatment for ADHD. Connect with a doctor experienced in treating ADHD, and openly and regularly communicate with him or her about your (or your child’s) symptoms. ADHD Coping Strategies Break down projects into smaller, more manageable chunksSet smaller goalsReward yourself (or your child) more immediately for little steps taken towards reaching goalsSet aside a short, less overwhelming time period (for example, 10 or 15 minutes) to commit to working on the activity that has you feeling stuckExercisingIncorporate physical movement into your day What are some of the strategies and tips you found to be helpful in getting started and sustaining focus on a task that is overwhelming or just plain boring? It always helps to hear from others on how they deal with similar issues. Then you can try more strategies and pick out the ones that work best for you. Share your own experiences and tips here. The 9 Best Online Therapy Programs

Celebrity And Image Of The Media - 1539 Words

Ashley Gay Mrs. Shaw English 1 November 2016 Celebrity and Image-Selling Musicians, actors, athletes, and models all depend on publicity from the media. Promotions through magazines, newspapers, concerts, movies, CD’s, sports networks and social media determine their success. Not only do the musicians, actors, athletes, and models depend on social media, but also on the fans. The media allows the public to be involved and interested in what s happening in different aspects of celebrity entertainment.The influence the media has on celebrity and image selling is very effective in producing successful careers. Musicians are one of many aspects of entertainment that are impacted by the media. â€Å"Possibly the biggest shift in music has come through social media through an increased level of interaction between musicians and fans† (Evans). Now that we have social media it benefits the artist and the fans. The artist is able to broadcast, promote and share things that were not possible before. An example of this would be the artist can share their latest news, achievements or plans with their fans.The fans are able to keep up with the artist, be more interactive with them and communicate with them better. An example of this would be they can message , leave comments, or watch videos of the celebrity. These are just some of the ways that the media has impacted the music industry. Not only does the media help the music industry connect with their fans but it alsoShow MoreRelatedEating Disorders and Negative Body Images662 Words   |  3 Pagesdisorders and negative body images everywhere they go. Celebrities promote unrealistic standards and display what the â€Å"acceptable† body is. Because of our stick thin role models we have in the media today much of our society holds their own body image to the unobtainable standards of celebrities. People are bombarded with images of what’s â€Å"sexy† instead of what’s healthy (Helmich). In a world based around celebrities and media, shouldn’t they be promoting a healthy body image instead of the negativeRead MoreThe Role Celebricities Play in Peoples Life1232 Words   |  5 PagesToday public figures such as celebrities are looked up to by people of all ages. Often viewed as role models, celebrities appear on television with the entire world watching, and are known for their w ealth, talent and fame. A role model is defined as â€Å"A person who serves as an example of the values, attitudes, and behaviors associated with a role. † (Role model. Definition 1. Web). Whether celebrities enjoy being in the spotlight or not, they are looked up to by millions of people around the worldRead MoreJohn And The Issues Of Celebrity Humanitarianism1524 Words   |  7 PagesJOHN AND THE ISSUES OF CELEBRITY HUMANITARIANISM A phenomenon that has been prevalent since the 1980s, the topic of celebrity humanitarianism has accumulated vast amounts of literature and critiques. Here, I will focus on the critiques that are the most relevant to Elton John: the complicated interactions between celebrity motivations, celebrities’ role as communicators, and the unaccountability of celebrities. Celebrity Motivations Underlying the many critiques of celebrity humanitarianism is oftenRead MoreEssay on The Influences of Media on Establishing Teenage Identities 1717 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction As teenage girls seek to establish a sense of self, teens may experiment with different roles, activities and behaviors. This is an important process of forming a strong identity and developing a sense of direction through life. Mass media plays an important role in shaping the youth culture. As we all know that in the current modern society, internet, television and magazines has become the inseparable elements of a teenage girl’s life. Internet has become one of the most indispensableRead MoreThe Negative Portrayal Of Celebrities1611 Words   |  7 PagesA single photograph - how it is captured, the angle in which it was shot, the context behind it - can alter the perception of reality. One image, if executed maliciously, can create such an intense pernicious effect on the individual photographed, that it can cause undue effects on their reputation, or even psychological state. Celebrities often find themselves victimized by the paparazzi in this way, and breakdowns due to a negative appearance in the spotlight have become prevalent in modern dayRead MoreMedias Effect on Negative Body Image Essay1082 Words   |  5 Pagesshould have a positive outlook on body image, rather than face a disorder that can change one’s whole life. Negative body image can result from the media, with photoshop and editing, celebrity fad diets, and society’s look at the perfect image. Negative body image can lead to dangerous eating disorders, such as bulimia and anorexia. It can also take a risk to unhealthy habits, such as smoking, alcohol, and drugs. It is important to stress the effects of body image, because the world still struggles withRead MoreAnalysis Of Justin Bieber s Release Of Purpose : The Movement1029 Words   |  5 Pagesliterature review will provide an overview of parasocial interaction theory, celebrity worship, and the involvement of social media in these areas. Following the review of relevant literature will be a list of research questio ns to guide future study in this field. Parasocial Interaction Parasocial interaction (PSI) is a term used to describe the one-sided relationships that come about between media users and media personalities. Parasocial Interaction Theory has been used for many years as aRead MoreCelebrity And Ordinary People811 Words   |  4 PagesWhen discussing celebrities and ordinary people, the first thing that comes to life is luxury. The mantra that is painted If you’ve got it, flaunt it seems to be painted all over the wall that frame celebrity life. So, what exactly is the difference? Lifestyle is a term that is utilized to discuss to the way people live, their value, activities and attitude. There are many lifestyles depending on the individual’s livelihood. While there are many differences between a celebrity and an ordinary personRead MoreSocial Media And Its Effect On Society1708 Words   |  7 PagesSocial media can be both an extremely positive and extremely negative part of today’s society. In our current day and age, a m ajority of teenagers use social media apps every single day. Social media allows people to connect with friends and family, allows you to see what is going on in the world, and gives you the ability to express yourself to a large audience. As nice as that may sound, there are also negatives to social media. For example, some people use the power of social media to do harmRead MoreCelebrity Branding and Product Branding: Similarities and Differences1446 Words   |  6 Pages 1 Celebrity Branding and Product Branding: Similarities and Differences Abstract The term celebrity branding is often confused with a similar sounding and decipherable term called celebrity endorsement. While in case of the later, celebrities from various professional domains are found to vouch for or endorse products, the concept of celebrity branding is how a personality shapes himself or herself as an attractive, well defined and saleable brand. It deals with what a celebrity does to

Essay Thirteen Days by Robert Kennedy - 978 Words

Thirteen Days by Robert Kennedy Thirteen Days, by Robert Kennedy, is a portrayal of the drama surrounding the Cuban missile crisis, and an analysis of the ordeal. There are two sides to this conflict which was played out in the post-World War II era. On one hand you have the Communists of the Soviet Union, whose desire to bring all of Europe under their heel would nearly spark a war that would annihilate the human race. On the other stands the Americans who wished the vindication of right and to prevent the further spread of Communism. The tensions begin to mount after Germany and Berlin were divided among the victorious countries of the Allies and three major power blocs formed. The countries that had been newly formed in the†¦show more content†¦When Joseph Stalin died, power went to an obscure Communist official named Nikita Khrushchev. His goal was to have the Soviet Union be an equal to the United States militarily and economically. Although he tried to soften Stalins brutal tactics, Soviet foreign policy remained the same. This ruthless treatment of satellite nations that tried to break free fostered further distrust between the U.S. and the Soviet Union. At the inauguration of our new president, John F. Kennedy, Khrushchev decided to test Kennedys resolve with renewed pressure on Berlin via the construction of the Berlin Wall. However, none of these events were to equal the effect that came from one small island ninety miles off of the coast of Florida, the small island of Cuba. When Fidel Castro took over Cuba by means of a revolution, he quickly established his government as the first openly Communist government in the western hemisphere. He petitioned the Soviet Union for aid, which was cheerfully given him. These events went against our current policies, as well as the Monroe Doctrine, which established us as the police force of the western hemisphere. Ninety miles away from the greatest bastion of Capitalism was now residing its greatest foe. This tense situation was brought to a boiling point by the arrival ofShow MoreRelatedThirteen Days786 Words   |  4 PagesThirteen days is a historical account of the Cuban Missile Crisis. It is told from the perspective of Robert F. Kennedy, senator and brother to President John F. Kennedy. It is an account of the thirteen days in October of 1962. It lasted from the 16th to the 28th. During this time many crucial events in United States. These thirteen days were the time period in which the fate of the world was decided. The focus of the book was on the decision of both the United States and Russia. The UnitedRead MoreEssay on Rfks 13 Days619 Words   |  3 PagesThirteen Days is an autobiography written by Robert F. Kennedy. It is based upon the memories of RFK during the Cuban missile crisis. He vividly recalls the thirteen days between October 16 and October 28, 1962. Within these thirteen days, havoc and stress faced the White House, especially to Senator RFK and his brother, President John F. Kennedy. The story is about the handling of the crisis by one brother and the personal account of the other. The two worked together to keep America and theRead MoreNineteen Days : A Memoir Of The Cuban Missile Crisis968 Words   |  4 PagesThirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis by Robert Kennedy is a book that details those almost fateful 13 days in October of 1962 that could have resulted in the dest ruction of mankind. Robert Kennedy was the brother of President John F. Kennedy; he served as the United States Attorney General and â€Å"closest cabinet advisor and confidant† during JFK’s presidential administration. The book sets out to provide you detail of just how difficult of a decision the president was tasked with regardRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis And Its Effect On The Moral Position Of The United States987 Words   |  4 Pages In Thirteen Days, Robert Kennedy recollects his time with President John F. Kennedy in handling the Cuban Missile Crisis. The Cuban Missile Crisis, as described in Thirteen Days, started on October 16, 1962. President John F. Kennedy was provided with a photograph that gave little evidence of a missile base. The whole area was about the size of a football field and, to many of the cabinet, seemed like nothing. Kruschev, the chairman of the USSR said that there was nothing to worry about. WhenRead MoreJohn F. Kennedy s Pres ident Of The Cuban Missile Crisis902 Words   |  4 PagesThirteen Days In October of 1962 a pressing matter arose during John F. Kennedy’s presidential term. It was made apparent that the Soviet Union was holding and building missiles in Cuba, it was named the Cuban missile crisis. Being a dangerously close country to the United States, JFK knew he needed to make a smart and safe decision, and fast. Kennedy had suspicions that this option would cause a third World War and end in a nuclear fallout. Kennedy’s determination to be a participative leader wasRead MorePresident John F. Kennedy: Hero or Villain Essay1295 Words   |  6 PagesPresident John F. Kennedy: Hero or Villain? For thirteen days, the United States’ government and citizens waited with abated breath, fearing the nuclear annihilation of their great nation. These thirteen days between October 16 and 28, 1962 are now known as the Cuban Missile Crisis. Briefly this crisis can be explained as a confrontation between two of the world’s greatest superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, which nearly instigated a nuclear calamity that could have destroyed bothRead MoreThe Door to Annihilation: Who Dares to Open it? Essay1346 Words   |  6 Pages In October of 1962, the world came close to annihilation for thirteen days. It is caused by the Soviet Union’s clandestine action of putting nuclear missiles in Cuba, which the United States perceived as an offensive and dangerous move. The two countries know that they are capable of destroying the entire world with the nuclear weapons, so they plan each step slowly and carefully. If there is any mistakes in the process, the price is destruction of every human civilization. Policies like brinksmanshipRead MoreThe Cuban Missile Crisis And The Soviet Union1062 Words   |  5 Pagestensions between the countries and brought the United States and the Soviet Union as close to war as they have ever come (Byrne 69). The world leaders during this time were President John F. Kennedy of the United States, Russian Premier – Nikita Khrushchev and Communist Leader, Fidel Castro of Cuba (Donaldson Thirteen Days). The Cuban Missile Crisis represents a period of history where the United States took a strong stand against the Soviet Union, Communist ideology and Cuba. In 1961, as part of NATO sRead MoreThirteen Days vs. the real Cuban Missile Crisis969 Words   |  4 PagesThe movie Thirteen Days directed by Roger Donaldson is about the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. It is often referred to as a docudrama as it is very entertainment oriented but still remains close to the roots of what actually happened. Since it was produced at a later date than many other films portraying the events, Thirteen Days was able to access recently declassified information which helped in attaining a more historically accurate film. Although there were some discrepancies with what happenedRead More Analysis of Thirteen Days Directed by Robert Donaldson Essay1563 Words   |  7 PagesAnalysis of Thirteen Days Directed by Robert Donaldson â€Å"Good evening my fellow citizens†¦This Government, as promised, has maintained the closest surveillance of the Soviet Military buildup on the island of Cuba. Within the past week, unmistakable evidence has established the fact that a series of offensive missile sites is now in preparation on that imprisoned island. The purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike capability against the Western Hemisphere.† These

Counsello Free Essays

Kenya Association of Professional Counsellors School of Counselling Studies MA IN COUNSELLING STUDIES Please fill in all details and attach to every assignment you complete. Student’s Name:Dorcas Adoyo Mwinda Date of Submission: 30th October 2009 Assignment: (please tick appropriate box)1 2 Module 1‘Exploration in Counselling’ Module 2: ‘Understanding in Counselling’ Module 3: ‘Integration in Counselling’ Module 4: PracticumVideo Evaluation Module 5 ‘Research Methods’ Module 6 ‘Dissertation’ Title of Assignment: The Appropriateness of Person centered Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa Comments: (please tick appropriate box) First Internal Examiner Second External ExaminerSecond Internal Examiner External Examiner Recommended Result:Percentage:Level (MA/PG Dip) Name of Examiner:Elias Gikundi Signed:Date: TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLEPage No. Introduction2 What is person centred Approach3 View of Human nature3 Congruence5 Unconditional Positive Regard6 Empathic Understanding6 Concepts exposed in person- centred Approach7 Values exposed in person centred approach9 Effectiveness of Person Centred Approach in Sub-Saharan Africa11 Conclusion13 References14 INTRODUCTION Counselling has been perceived as an advice in many sub- Saharan African countries and also the fact that there are many counselling approaches which are used; it has even become more confusing for people to understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Counsello or any similar topic only for you Order Now But due to different experiences we face in African countries like tribal clashes, culture differences, Poverty, political instability, racism, unemployment, HIV/AIDS and many others counselling was introduced from the western culture to provide healing to the affected and infected people, and thus person centred approach was adopted because it helps deal with individual feelings, which would help the readjust back to the surrounding both literally and psychologically. Person centred approach is one among the other counselling approaches used in sessions which I am sure that it is not well known in sub Saharan African. In this paper, I am going to going to discuss on the relevance of person centred approach in sub- Saharan African and also examining in Kenyan concept. In summing up I shall give my conclusion on what I think or feel about the topic am writing about. WHAT IS PERSON CENTRED APPROACH? Person centred approach championed by Carl Rogers in the 1930s and 1940s. This approach assist clients to listen to their feelings and inner voices and in doing so clients can learn to do better in their own, (Nelson, 2001). Since we are aware what it is all about then the question is ‘how does it view human beings†? VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE Rogers (1961) says that person centred approach view human beings as having the ability to steer the course of their lives, if offered in a relationship the core conditions. Rogers (1967) also states that to be self which one is truly is, is more than an attainable goal of person centred therapy, but a key aspect in the process of becoming a fully functioning person. I do agree with Rogers because, this therapy does not allow a client to talk about others but brings the client to self and dealing with what is affect him or her now. In person centred approach human nature is seen as basically social so that human beings are by nature protective, caring, compassionate and understanding towards each other, (Mearns et al. 1988). He argues that the dependence of human infants and interdepence of adults’ points in the same direction as does the inmate capacity to infer imaginatively the experience of others. According to Bozarth et al. (1986) person centred approach has the belief that all human beings have within them the innate capacity to grow towards their own unique fulfilment (or to move towards self actualisation). I personally feel that despite all cultural impact on us, environmental factors and values that are being imposed on us, we still have the drive towards self actualisation and also discover within ourselves the capacity of growth, and therefore whatever we do, we are the people who knows what is right and wrong for us but not others. Rogers (1951) emphasises that an accurate concept of self is crucial for healthy development, he stated that a long with a realistic self concept goes a realist perception of reality and situation in which the individual finds himself or herself in. ( Kirschenbaum et al, 1989). My contention is that the aim of life as it is called by Rogers â€Å" to be that self which one is truly is† has been on philosophical minds for centuries and to date individuals are still wrestling with the very concept of being true to self. Corey (2001) underscores the same when he says that person centred therapy puts emphasis on concepts of freedom, choice, values, personal responsibility, autonomy, purpose and meaning. Despite this approach emphasizing on individual development, in some sub Saharan African countries (Kenya being one of them) personal development is seen as selfish and importance is cultural value of the common good to individuals. If we are to be more explicit about our culture, which is what we propose, it is important for the therapist to be visible in terms of their value system or â€Å"African view† beliefs and standing in the community. This allows therapists to be clear in and about their relationship with clients and offers the client the safety that the therapist is not a detached remote or mystical figure but an accountable member of the community. Person centred approach is perhaps the only theory to take predominately a good animal view of human nature. For Rogers the actual tendency in humans is positive and it only become negative to the extent that it is blocked and frustrated by environmental factors. While going through the view of human nature by person centred theory I realised that there are core conditions which are necessary in this approach which acts as guidance in counselling session. Like wise Green (2002) suggests that the presence of core conditions in the therapeutic relationship can set in train a directional process towards being more true to one self. So what are these core conditions? Congruence Rogers (1961, pg 61) defined therapist congruence as: by this we mean that the feelings the therapist is experiencing are available to him, available to his awareness and he is able to live these feelings a, be them and able to communicate them if appropriate . awareness involves the therapist awareness of their own culture and themselves in relation to it and indeed to the world. Congruence enables a therapist to come to terms with their position in society and the predicaments of life in relation to culture. It is useful in a session because it brings about trust in a helping relationship. I have come to realise that being trustworthy does not demand that I be rigidly consistent but be dependably real (Rogers 1990a, pg 19). from my experience in counselling I have come to realise that congruence is imperative in a session because it makes it easier for a client to trust you. In Kenya there are forty two tribes with different culture, but still it will not hinder the therapist to be congruent because a client only needs trust and genuineness which makes them feel that they are I the right place and also they can get honest response from a counsellor. Mearns et al. (1988) says that in the person centred approaches, congruence dissolves the mysteriousness of the counsellor , and as with other core conditions it has its roots and equivalence in other cultural traditions as wisdom, mindfulness, active surrender ( Purton, 1994). Unconditional positive regard. Rogers describe this condition variously as unconditional acceptance, prizing, non- possessive, love and warmth. He adds that developmentally as humans, we have a need for unconditional positive regard and to have an internal self guard, (Rogers, 1959). Unconditional positive regard is important because it directly sabotages such conditions of worth; the counsellor values her client irrespective of the client conforming to conditions. I feel it is important for therapist to be clear about their own culture, both their culture of origin and their present culture and to be aware of the positive message about their culture especially if the therapist themselves had problems in growing and developing within their own culture. Villas- Rose Bowen (1984) says that in developing perspectives on unconditional positive regard, then we need to consider regard for self, others and culture itself. Empathic understanding Empathic understandings Rogers mostly referred to it is to sense the clients private world as if it were your own, but without ever losing the â€Å"as if† quality, (Rogers, 1957). In my opinion, the â€Å"as if† condition as Rogers proposes it, in his 1959 definition of empathy must in the first place be understood as the stressing of the necessity of being continuously aware that the experience and feeling that the therapist is trying to live into, do originate in the client and not in the therapist. (Vanderschot,1990 p. 290). personally think that empathy is the ability to stand very close to someone else to appreciate what it is like to be that other person in that other person in that other persons world. This never feels easy because it involves stepping out of your own frame works and trying to appreciate what it is to view ones culture through their eyes rather than your own. Concepts exposed in person centred approach. According to D†™ardenne et al. (1989) effective person centred counsellors are people who demonstrate the essential qualities of genuineness, non-possessiveness, warmth and empathy with the clients. Counsellors treat their clients with non-judgemental respect and hope to introduce practical ways in which this can be achieved across any cultural divide. I do find it rather easy and flowing when all those qualities mentioned above are applied in session and you find that it even makes a client to feel free to share his experience without any fear. Person centred is a means of meshing the symbolised (or symbolising) incongruence of the client with the congruence of the therapist. It is not appropriate process for people who are merely wishing to have education experience. Mearns et al. 2000). With different problems facing many sub- Saharan countries, people feel that they do need education to help them curb their problems, but unlike other counselling approaches as psychodynamic and gestalt which provides education, person centred approach tends to differ. I do agree with Mearns because people do not only need education which they feel will enable them get out of the problems they are facing but person centred emphasis is on working with the person to help him deal with the problem. Rogers, 1959) adds that person centred therapy simply does not work with clients who are experiencing incongruence in their living and wanting to change that incongruence. Person centred approach requires a level of acceptance which enable therapists to sustain themselves when clients attack them. I feel that this is highly vital because due to many problems that affect people in sub- Saharan Africa which in most cases have badly damaged their experience in life, they tend to relieve their anger and stresses, and even feeling to counsellors. The therapist should provide support to the affected clients and therefore the level of acceptance needs to be sufficiently robust to withstand the pain of relating to those who prove to be aggressive, demeaning or even contemptuous and hostile ( Mearns et al. 2000). According to Thorne (19910 person centred approaches start from the assumption that every living organism is driven by an â€Å"actualising tendency† an instinctive reflecting the desire to grow, develop and enhance one capacities to the fullest ( actualisation ). Mearns and Thorne (2000) states that this process of self actualisation is fraught with complexity and anxiety because the organismic self as essentially trustworthy and a unified whole of experiencing conflict within the developing self concept of the individual which distorts or denies experiences into awareness as it is heavily dependent on positive regard fro others. And as Thorne (1991) argues that gradually we learn to see ourselves as others ignoring our own inner experiencing. I personally feel that one cannot get to self actualisation without struggle and taking example of my country Kenya, many people do live below the poverty line and are ready to do anything just to be able to cater his basic needs and therefore instead of focussing in how to get out of the situation, he seeks refuge from others and even try to copy their lifestyle putting at the back of his mind what he is and hence ignoring our inner experience and views ourselves as others. Covey (1989) argues that in African society, we may have gained an incredible degree of outward success but inwardly individuals have divorced themselves from the roots and valuing process in serving the structure of capitalist society. Therefore this approach enables a person to work with the deeper need to actualise rather than depending on others. Rogers was fundamentally an optimist about human potential, arguing that ideally the actualising tendency refers to self actualisation where aspects of self and concepts are synonymous or congruent, ( Mearns and Thorne, 2000), this ideal human conditions is embroiled in the fully functioning persons who as Rogers ( 1959) state: â€Å"†¦ is open to experience , able to live existentially, is trusting in his or her own organism, experience feelings freely, acts independently, is active and lives an enriched life, he is in the process of being and becoming himself†¦. (p 192) Values exposed through person centred approach. The person centred point of view places high value on the experience of the individual human beings and or the importance of his or her subjective reality. It also challenges each person to accept responsibility of his or her own life, (Mearns et al. 1988). Rogers (1961) argues that the basic value in person centred approach is the conviction that personal e xperience is the highest authority. With all the problems and hardships being experienced in sub- Saharan Africa like the tribal clashes, sexual abuse, drought and hunger, poor governance, lack of medical expertise and medicines and many others which leads to introjections of other people’s value in order to gain positive regard. Problems later arise when they view these introjected values as their own. One goal of person centred approach is to reverse this pattern and help the client to select his or her own value (Thorne et al. 998). The coming into consciousness of the African Personality highlighted how African cultural values differed from those that were imposed upon them (Len-Holdstock, 2000). Person centred approach places the therapist in a paradoxical position, in that the therapist will never seek to guide the client to a particular value or gaol but to guide the client towards contact with his or her inner organismic self away from external value. In other word the therapist is actively trying to facilitate the client’s movement from the outer world of the conditions of worth into the inner world of the organismic valuing process. (Van Kalmthout, 1995). The concept of self is also exposed as a value in person centred approach because according to Rogers (1951) an acute concept of self is crucial for healthy development. In addition, Covey, (1989) states that modern society is characterised by pervasive wars, genocide, exploitation and general disenchantment, hence individuals are in battle with an inner craving for growth and development. Markus and Kitayama (1991) argues that psychological merit of attending to the self, appreciation of others difference from others and importance of asserting to self. I do agree with theme in sense that person centred approach brings out the need of self awareness which Rowen (1983) says is a state of consciousness where we are genuinely open to listen on all the levels, thus enabling one to become independent from others and discover and be able to express one’s unique attributes. Sub- Saharan countries people have suffered so much because of lack of awareness. In regard to the post election violence in Kenya two years ago, many got affected because they were not aware of repercussions of the violence to them and that they are used as a tool by our politicians, whom imposed their values on them hence acting on others values forgetting about their own values. Collier ( 1977 argues that Rogers boast of the essential equality of human beings claiming that every individual has the same forward moving humanity and capacity for happiness when one is true to one self. Effectiveness of person centred approach in sub-Saharan Africa Person centred approach mainly focuses on the well being of a person, mainly focussing on his personal feelings and being able to provide core conditions for a helping which in very vital because it encourages independence of a person, which African culture puts so much value in ones social connectedness. The growth of people in the African perspective as Owusun-Bempah and Howitt (2000) put it, is not individual, but it also involves the whole society and the wider aspects of such a society. The two add that the aim of the development of the self is the achievement of a truly social self through, the harmonious relations and the interdependence with others. Person centred approach do emphasise the autonomy of a client which in sub-Saharan Africa have sense of normal development where the individual becomes conscious of his own being, his duties, his privileges and responsible towards himself and toward others. An example is the case of human genocide that happened in Rwanda some years go, where their were ethical clashes between two tribes, but after the incident the citizens later realised that what they were doing was not actual right but out of other people orders hence when truth and reconciliation commissioner was formed they had to be made aware of their actions and also made to take responsibility of their actions as well. Am mazed by the effectiveness of this approach because it actual makes one come into reality of life and be able to see things in a different angle and all these he comes up with them without any education or being told what to do. This approach has enabled change, especially in the urban areas, however this is not to say that African traditional philosophy have been shelved. In essence, change as Shorter (1998) says may be radical but if seldom total. Clearly what we experience in Africa is general and specifically in Kenya is radical transformations but with con tinuities. Conclusion In many ways. I have realised that person centred philosophical roots are useful in sub- Saharan Africa because it echoes and has echoes in many cultural and religious traditions. The concepts, language, practice attitudes of person centred approach are familiar in many ways. The other important things are, i have come to appreciate the effectivessness of the core conditions which are necessary and sufficient in our cultural context. References Bozarth, J. and Temaner Brodley B. (1986). The core conditions and Theory of the person centred. Chicago; Praegers. Corey, G. (2001). Theory and Practice of counselling and Psychotherapy ( 6th Edn). Australia; Brooks/ Cole. Covey, S. R. (1989). The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People. London: WsBook- well. D’ardenne,P. and Mahtani,A. (1989) Transcultural Counselling in Action (2nd edt) (ed) Windy,D, Counselling in Action. London:Sage. Kirschenbaum, H. and Henderson, V. L. (1989). the Carl Rogers’s reader. London; British Library Press. Len Holdstock, T. (2000). Re-examining psychology: Critical Perspective and African Insight. London; Routledge. Markus, H. R. and Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion and Motivation psychological view. Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (1988). Person centred Counselling in Action (2nd Edn). London; Sage Mearns, D. and Thorne, B. (2000). Person- centred therapy today. London; Sage Rogers, C. R. (1951). Client –centred Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. Boston; Houghton Mifflin. Rogers, C. R. (1967). The condition of change from a client view point. Cited in Buenson and R. Carkhuff (Ed) Sources of gain in counselling and psychotherapy. Newyork; Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Rogers,C. R. 1959). A theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationship as Developed in the client Centred Framework. In S. Koch (Ed) Psychology: A study of science. Newyork; McGraw-Hill Rogers. (1961). On becoming A Person. Boston; Houghton Mifflin. Rowan, J. (1983). The Reality Game: A Gide to Humanistic Counselling and Psychotherapy (2nd Edn). London; Routledge and Kegan Paul plc. Thorne, B . (1991). Person- Centred Counselling: therapeutic and Spiritual dimensions. London; Whurr. Thorne, B. (2000). Carl Rogers. London; Sage. Thorne, B. and Lambers, E. (1998). Person centred therapy. London; Sage Van Kalmthout, M. (1995). The Religious Dimensions of Rogers Work. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, Vol 12, Part 3. Rogers, C. R. (1990a). The necessary and sufficient conditions of therapeutic personality change. In H. Kirschenbaum and V. L. Henderson (eds). The Carl Rogers Readers. Cambridge; Cambridge University Press. Purton, C. (1994). The deep structure of the Core conditions: A Buddhist Perspective. Austria; Gmunden. Green, C. D. (2002). Signifant Aspects of Client- Centred Therapy. http//psychalysis. york. ca/Rogers/Therapy. html (accessed 18/02/02). Villas-Rose Bowen, M. 1984). Spirituality and Person Centerd Approach: Interconnectedness in the Universe and Psychotherapy. Mexico; Universal liberoamerican. Vanaerschot, G. (1990). The Process of Empathy: Holding and letting go. In Lietaer, G Rombauts, J. And Van Balen, R. (Eds)Clients- Centerd and Experiental Pstchotherapy in the nineties. Belgium; Leuven University Press. Owusu- Bempah, K and Howitt, D. (2000). Psychology beyond Western Perspectives. Leicester; BPS books ( The British Psychological Society). Shorter, A. (1998). African Culture: An overview. 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jack the ripper Research Paper Example

jack the ripper Paper It all started in the East End of London in 1888, from Augest 7 till November 10. All killings occured within one mile area and involved the districts of Whitechapel, Spitalfields, Aldgate, and the city of London proper.The man I am refering to is no other then the natorious Jack the Ripper, the Whitechapel, or the Leather Apron. Jack the Ripper is signifacant and popular, not just because he was a serial killer, but because he was thefirst to appear in a large metropolis at the time when the general puplic had become literate and the press was a force for social change.The Ripper apperaedwhen there was a tremendous political turmoil and both leberals and social reformers, also the Irish Home rule partisans tried to use the crimes for their own ends. Its hard to beleive that this has only happened twelve years ago.Everyday there would be an editorial or a chronicle in the newspaper about the activities of the Ripper or the police.Many of you remember this and reading about the Ripper and know what I am talking about.The press was a big part of the whole case because we informed the public of the killings and it seeemed that this was all new to everyone only because it was the most publisized case.This type of thing has happened before, but no one knew about it and now you know the real world.The press had created the boogey man and many The Ripper was thought to know a great deal about anatomy because the bodys were slashed at the throat and the way the bodys were mutelated suggest that.The victims all prostitutes all slashed at eh throat and mutilated.The bodys were found out in the open were everyone could see them.Many officers and junior officers beleive there are anywhere from five to nine murders by the Ripper. 1)Mary Ann Nichols, murdered Friday, Augest 31, 1888.